Value Added Tax in Nigeria: A beginner's guide

In our daily lives, we meet people who sell goods and services to buyers at a price. The volume of sales could be on a small, medium, or even large scale. If you purchase an item from a retail store, you will notice a certain amount called Value Added Tax (VAT) on the receipt. The seller often adds VAT, as a separate line item, to the cost of taxable goods and services. Also, the VAT amount can be included in the total price of a commodity. Service providers have their slice of VAT when rendering services to customers. Therefore, a good grasp of the Nigerian VAT system will help foreign and local businesses in Nigeria optimize their sales.

Nigeria Tax Act (NTA) 2025 and the Nigeria Tax Administration Act (NTAA) 2025 govern the VAT administration in Nigeria. This guide looks at the twenty-four (24) frequently asked questions on the Nigerian VAT system.

The article contains six sections.

I: Definition, rate, and scope

II: Persons exempt and threshold

III: Registration, deregistration, and relevant tax authority

IV: Input and output VAT, deduction at source

V: Returns and filing requirements

VI: Two examples of how to calculate VAT in Nigeria

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Section 1: Definition, rate and scope

1. What is Value Added Tax (VAT)?

VAT is a charge on the supply of taxable goods and services except for the items listed in the NTA 2025. It is a multi-stage levy on value added at each production or distribution stage of a good or service. Value added in a manufacturing company begins with the purchase of raw materials and continues through the sale to final consumers. As the tax burden is passed on to final consumers, VAT is classified as an indirect tax.

2. What is the definition of a taxable supply?

A taxable supply of goods occurs in Nigeria when the

goods are physically present in Nigeria or
beneficial owner is a taxable person in Nigeria and the right in or over the goods is located in Nigeria.

Goods are all tangible properties excluding land, building, money, or securities.

A taxable supply of services in Nigeria arises when the service is;

rendered locally by a person physically present in Nigeria,
provided to and consumed by a person in Nigeria, or
connected with an immovable property located in Nigeria.

Services are anything except for goods, or services rendered under an employment contract. Services include any intangible or incorporeal property to which a person has transferable rights, except interest in land, building, money, or security.

An incorporeal arises where;

the exploitation of the right is made by a person in Nigeria,
right is registered in or acquired by a person in Nigeria,
right is connected to an intangible or immovable asset in Nigeria.

3. What is the value added tax rate in Nigeria?

The VAT rate in Nigeria is 7.5%, but there are zero-rated and exempt items that do not attract a rate of 7.5%.

Goods exempt include;

Medical and pharmaceutical products
Basic food items: Basic food items mean agro-based and aqua-based staple food
Educational books and materials
Baby products
Fertilizers, locally-produced agricultural chemicals, and veterinary medicine
Plant, machinery, and equipment purchased for utilization of gas in downstream operations
Oil exports
Plant, machinery, and goods imported for use in the export processing zone or free trade zone
Tractors, ploughs, and agricultural equipment and implements purchased for agricultural purposes

Locally manufactured sanitary towels, pads, and tampons
Commercial aircraft, including its engine and spare parts
Petroleum products
Renewable energy equipment
Raw materials for the production of baby diapers and sanitary towels
Raw materials for the production of pharmaceutical products
Locally produced animal feeds
Military hardware, arms, ammunition, and locally manufactured uniforms used by the Armed Forces, para-military, and other security agencies of governments in Nigeria
Gas supply by gas-producing companies to Electricity Generating Companies (GENCOs), Electricity generated by GENCOs and supplied to the National Grid or Nigeria Bulk Electricity Trading Company (NBET), and Electricity transmitted by Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) to Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOs)
Agricultural seeds and seedlings
Interest in land and building, money, or security
Motorcycle (CKD)/Bicycle (SKD – Semi Knocked Down) and parts
Equipment and infrastructure for expanding Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Local LNG processing structures and equipment
Electric automobiles
Parts and semi-knock-down elements of electric vehicles
Biogas and biofuel devices and components for clean cooking and transportation

On the other hand, services exempt are

1. Medical services
2. Services rendered by Unit Micro-Finance Banks and Mortgage Institutions
3. Plays and performances conducted by educational institutions as part of learning
4. Exported services
5. Commercial airline transportation ticket
6. Lease or rental of a residential accommodation by persons other than corporate entities
7. Shared passenger road-transport service
8. Tuition of a nursery, primary, secondary, and tertiary education
9. CNG conversion and installation services
10. LPG modification and installation services
11. Production, assembly, and sale of electric vehicles

Zero-rated goods and services are

Non-oil export
Goods and services purchased by diplomats
Goods purchased for use in humanitarian donor-funded projects

Reference materials are available on “Resources page” for the NTA 2025 and NTAA 2025.

Section 2: Persons exempt and threshold

4. Apart from goods and services, does the new law exempt any business from VAT?

Yes.

Small businesses with an annual turnover of NGN100 million or below with total fixed assets not more than
N250 million are exempt from accounting for VAT provided that any business providing professional services
is not recognised as a small business. A small business can issue an invoice without including the VAT on sales (output VAT). However, the business will pay (input) VAT on the purchase of taxable goods and services.

5. How is the threshold determined?

A taxable person who:

made taxable supplies of ₦25 million before February 1, 2020, will continue to account for VAT, even if the person has taxable supplies below ₦25 million in the current year.
did not attain ₦25 million taxable supplies before February 1, 2020, must account for VAT immediately after it reaches the threshold within the year.
has an annual turnover below ₦25 million but expects to reach the threshold at a future date within the calendar year and shall immediately commence accounting for VAT.
makes taxable supplies of ₦25 million and above within a calendar year will file monthly VAT returns even though a part or the entire supplies are exempt.
A calendar year is 12 months beginning on the first day of that year.

Relevant tax authority
VAT payable by individuals and businesses are payable to one tax authority in Nigeria.

Section 3: Registration, deregistration, and relevant tax authority

6. Who is the relevant agency for VAT administration?

Nigeria Revenue Service (NRS, formerly FIRS) is the main agency for administering value added tax in Nigeria.

7. When should a taxable person register for VAT?

VAT registration is due when a taxable person starts operations in Nigeria. The commencement date is the earliest date of any of the following activities:

(i) advertises its products or services for sale or
(ii) obtains an operating license in Nigeria or
(iii) makes its first sale or purchase or
(iv) performs its first trading contract after incorporation or
(v) sends or receives its first invoice or set of goods or
(vii) first renders services to its customers.

8. How do I register a business or an individual for VAT?

A taxable person can register for VAT by submitting a duly completed taxpayer registration form and questionnaire, incorporation or registration documents from the Corporate Affairs Commission, and an application letter to register for VAT at the designated NRS office. In addition, NRS will require an approved means of identification to register an individual or business name.

Entities registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission after 1 September 2023 can make use of the online self-registration option with NRS.

Upon successful registration, NRS will grant the taxpayer access to electronic portals such as Rev360 or TaxPro Max for filing tax returns, tax clearance certificates, credit notes, and receipts.

9. Are non-resident persons exempt from registration?

Where a non-resident person (NRP) makes taxable supplies to a person in Nigeria or a Nigerian resident, the NRP is required to register for VAT. For tax correspondence with the NRP, the applicant will state the address of the person to whom it is making the supply as its Nigerian address.

10. Are small businesses also required to register for VAT?

A small business may voluntarily register, charge, collect, remit the tax and file monthly returns to the NRS. However, such a person must notify the NRS first and will comply with the provisions for non-exempt persons.

11. When is a business required to deregister from VAT?

Yes. A taxable person who permanently ceases operations in Nigeria shall deregister with NRS within 90 days of cessation.

NRS has a dedicated office for non-resident taxpayers in Nigeria. More details here.

Section 4: Input and output VAT, and deduction at source

12. What is the difference between input VAT and output VAT?

Input VAT is payable on raw materials or goods and services used for production purposes or resale or imported directly for resale. Furthermore, a taxable person cannot use input VAT that can be expended through an income statement or capitalized as an asset to reduce output VAT. On the other hand, output VAT is payable on goods and services supplied. Where the output VAT is higher than the input VAT, the balance will be payable to NRS. However, where input VAT is more than output VAT, the taxable person claims a refund.

13. Is a company allowed to withhold VAT?

The responsibility to withhold VAT depends on the parties involved.
When a business issues VAT invoices to a customer, the customer is required to pay the contract sum as well as the VAT amount. For instance, Seller Company renders technical service to Buyer Limited for the sum of ₦645,000 (Fee – ₦600,000, VAT – ₦45,000). Buyer Limited will be required to pay ₦645,000 to Seller Limited. Let’s ignore withholding tax for simplicity.

However, the payment pattern will differ:

if the Seller Company issues a tax invoice to specific organizations.

Government agencies, ministries, parastatals, oil and gas companies, MTN, Airtel, and money deposit banks must withhold the VAT at source. It implies that this type of organization should pay contractors the cost of the goods/services and withhold the VAT portion. Next, the taxpayer will remit VAT to NRS.

We shall look at another illustration using Smart Company’s details above and a different customer and a Government agency. The Government agency will be required to pay ₦600,000 to the Seller Company and withhold VAT of ₦45,000.

The Government agency will remit the VAT withheld to NRS. Therefore, the Government agency is the collection agent of NRS.

under the self-account provision

The self-account provision covers all supplies that are not subject to VAT. A taxable person who receives goods or services in Nigeria will withhold and remit tax in the prescribed format where the supplier is exempt from (or fails to charge) VAT. Persons exempt include businesses with annual turnover below ₦25 million as well as NRPs without a PE in Nigeria.

For example, Seller Limited (a small company) issues an invoice to Buyer PLC. (a large company) for the sum of ₦600,000 only without VAT amount. Buyer PLC. will pay ₦600,000 to Seller Limited, self-account for the VAT, and remit ₦45,000 to NRS. For more illustration of the self-account provision, click here.

14. Do non-resident companies pay VAT in Nigeria?

A non-resident company (NRC) that makes a taxable supply to a person in Nigeria or a Nigerian resident is required to register and remit VAT. It also applies to NRC rendering service through electronic channels to persons in Nigeria.

15. Is the VAT compliance procedure for a resident company similar to the one for a foreign company?

Yes. Non-resident companies that carry out taxable supplies in Nigeria must comply with the Nigerian VAT law in the same way as local entities.
Overseas International Limited (Overseas Ltd) and its employees are located outside Nigeria. Overseas Ltd renders taxable services to customers in Nigeria through electronic channels.

16. Are non-resident companies required to comply with the Nigerian VAT rules?

Yes. The VAT compliance process for NRC is in electronic form and NRC can comply with the local VAT law from offshore. Alternatively, a foreign company may appoint a local tax representative for expert guidance.

17. Who are VAT collectors for foreign businesses?

VAT collectors are authorized agents of FIRS for collecting VAT. FIRS can appoint a non-resident supplier to collect and remit VAT where the supply is through an electronic means. A Non-Resident Supplier is a person making the supply directly or through an intermediary which the supply was made to Nigeria. Such a supplier will be required to comply with the filing obligations.

18. What is the basis of accounting for VAT – Cash or accrual?

An accrual basis of accounting for VAT means that VAT will be payable when a taxable person issues an invoice to a customer. It does not consider whether the supplier has received payment.
The accounting basis for VAT in Nigeria is cash. A cash basis of accounting for VAT means that VAT is payable when a taxable person receives payment rather than when an invoice is issued.

Section 5: Returns and filing requirements

19. What are the documents required for filing VAT returns?

VAT return is filed electronically on TaxPro Max portal. Taxpayers can complete the VAT return and upload schedules online.

20. How do I remit VAT?

VAT remittance is strictly online using the new platform, Rev 360 portal. Companies yet to be migrated to the new portal use TaxPro Max. Payment details such as reference number and amount payable can be obtained after a taxpayer has filed VAT returns on the online portal.

21. My business had zero sales in a month. Am I required to file a return for a month with no sales?

Yes. NRS requires a taxpayer to submit a VAT return for a month with no revenue. The sales and tax payable will be zero.

22. What is the due date of filing VAT returns?

There are two deadlines for filing VAT in Nigeria depending on the type of return.

For withholding VAT returns, the due date is the 14th day of the month following the month of the transaction.
For other returns, the deadline is the 21st day of the month following the month of the transaction.

23. Can a taxpayer still file returns after the deadline?

Yes. Returns after the due date are usually called late returns and attract a fine. Late filing fee is ₦100,000 for the first month and ₦50,000 for each subsequent month of default.

24. What is the penalty for the following activities?

Non-registration: A penalty of ₦100,000 for the first month in which the failure occurs and ₦50,000 for each subsequent month.

Non–remittance: The unpaid sum plus a penalty of 10% and interest at the minimum rediscount rate (CBN).

Section 6: Two examples showing how to calculate VAT in Nigeria

Section 6: Examples of how to calculate value added tax in Nigeria

Key points on Nigerian VAT system

Section 6: Examples of how to calculate value added tax in Nigeria

Illustration 1: Transaction between two large companies

Company ABC, a large company, bought raw materials from Supplier XYZ at ₦2,150,000 (VAT inclusive) in September 2024. Later, Company ABC converted the raw materials into finished goods at a selling price of ₦3,063,750 (VAT inclusive) in November 2024. What is the amount of VAT payable?

Solution 1:

₦63,750 that is output VAT (₦213,750 = 3,063,750 / 107.5 * 7.5) less input VAT (₦150,000 = 2,150,000 / 107.5 * 7.5). The return is due in December 2024. As the invoice is VAT inclusive, the denominator is 100 percent plus VAT rate.

Illustration 2: Professional service firm

TeeMee Firm & Co. has an annual turnover of ₦43 million. The Firm bought a printer at ₦268,750 (VAT inclusive) in October 2024. TeeMee Firm & Co. used the printer to print a professional report for a client engagement worth ₦860,000 (VAT inclusive) in October 2024. Assuming the invoice for TeeMee Firm & Co. contains only the fee and VAT, how much VAT is payable?

Solution 2:

₦60,000 which is (7.5/107.5 * ₦860,000). Recall our explanation of input VAT in Section 3 above. The VAT paid on the purchase of a printer can be expensed or capitalized with the asset. Hence, the amount cannot reduce output VAT. The return is due in November 2024